# Node : A physical network node is an active electronic device that is attached to a computer network which is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over the communication channel.
In data communication, a physical network node may either be a modem,hub,bridge,switch; or a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer.
# Bridges : A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer of the OSI model. Bridges do not exactly copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port.
# Switches : A networking switch is the central device in a wired or wireless LAN .It receives signals from each computer on the network via Ethernet cables in a wired network or radio waves in a wireless LAN. In both cases, the networking switch directs traffic across the LAN, enabling the computers to communicate and share resources.
This is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the packets to the ports involved in the communications rather than all ports connected.
# Routers : A hardware device designed to take incoming packets, analyze the packets and then direct them to the appropriate locations, moving the packets to another network, converting the
packets to be moved across a different type of network interface, dropping the packets, or performing any number of other types of actions.
A router has a lot more capabilities than other network devices such as a hub or a switch that are only able to perform basic network functions.
# Repeaters : A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher power level so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation.
# Network Hubs : In networks, a hub is a place where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other directions.A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet(chunk of data) arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.
# Network Interface card(NIC) : A network card also called network adapter is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.
It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC(medium access control) addresses.
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